2008 Hart Publication On Bio-ETBE

I.
Understanding How is Bio-ETBE Made........................................ 3

! Raw Material Building Blocks: Bio-Ethanol and NGLs
II. Bio-ETBE Extends Motor Fuel Supplies, and Enhances Gasoline Properties .............................................. 4
! Bio-ETBE: Gasoline Supply Extender that Enhances Gasoline Properties
III. Improved Energy Security by Reducing Crude Oil ..................... 5

! Bio-ETBE Uniquely Uses Bio-Energy and NGL Energy Sources
IV. Lowers Cost of Fuel Production and Expands Refinery Flexibility .................................................. 6
! ! ! Maximizes Use of Low Cost Butanes (NGLs) & Renewable Ethanol in Petrol Bio-ETBEs Low RVP and High Octane Provides Highest Value in Gasoline Fungible Properties Reduce Logistical Cost of Supplying Alternative Energy
V. Bio-ETBE Provides More Greenhouse Gas Reductions ............ 9

! ! Reduces Carbon Footprint of Ethanol & Offers Advanced Biofuel Benefits Fungible High Octane Provides More Refinery Energy Reductions
Bio-ETBE: The Right Road to High Quality 21st Century Motor Fuels
Unique in Delivering Maximum Energy + Environmental Benefits
-1-
VI.
Bio-ETBE Enhances Environmental Performance of Gasoline................................................................................... 11

! ! Bio-ETBE Decreases Aromatic Content of Motor Gasoline Bio-ETBE Provides Large Contribution to Lowering Emissions Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons and Air Toxics Exhaust Particulate Matter & Secondary Aerosols
VII. Bio-ETBE Lowers Environmental Risks from Hydrocarbons..................................................................... 13

! Low RVP and Water Solubility Reduces Releases to Environment
VIII. Vehicle Performance and Lower Emissions Benefits ............ 14

! ! ! ! 1. Lower Gasoline RVP Benefits Provided with Bio-ETBE 2. Bio-ETBE Improves Petrol Distillation Profile 3. Lower Vapor Generation from Petrol Components 4. Bio-ETBE Offers Fuel System Compatibility
! 5. Fuel System Permeation Losses Reduced with Bio-ETBE
IV.
Understanding Global Bio-ETBE Use....................................... 20

! ! History of Bio-ETBE Use in the United States and Other Global Markets High Commercial Use in Europe Today
! Japan Ready for Bio-ETBE Market Expansion
Testimonials: Bio-ETBE Providing Quality and Value Worldwide

-2-
Raw Material Building Blocks: Bio-Ethanol and NGLs

Modern Ether Process Combines Renewable Ethanol and Butanes To Make More Valuable Motor Fuel Products
Butanes (1.9 liters) From Nat. Gas Fields Hydrogen To Refinery
C4 ISOM & Dehydrogenation
C4 Intermediate
Bio-ethanol (1.0 liters) From Biomass
Ether Process
ETBE (2.4 liters) To Refiner s Petrol Blending
Source: CDTECH Process Technology - Houston, Texas USA
Modern ether process facilities combine Bio-Ethanol and butane to make a high value, fungible (easy to use) product that can be blended into bulk petrol at the refinery without any additional refinery processing or capital investment. A side benefit of the dehydrogenation ETBE process is the production of high value hydrogen for use in refinery processing. Hydrogen aids in supporting refinery processing requirements such as gasoline and diesel sulfur reduction to reduce emissions.
-3-
Bio-ETBE: Gasoline Supply Extender that Enhances Gasoline Properties

Performance Properties of High Octane Components for Petrol
N-Butane Raw Energy Source Nat. Gas Ethanol Biomass 130 96 113 138 20 78 173 34.8 0.7937 MTBE Nat. Gas 119 101 110 54 7.8 55 131 18.2 0.7433 ETBE Biomass & Nat. Gas 120 102 111 28 4 72 161 15.7 0.7445 M-Xylene Petroleum 117 101 109 3 0.4 139 282 0 0.8686 EU Petrol Premium Petroleum
Octane
RON MON (R+M)/2
94 91 92.5 379 55 0 31 0 0.5836
95 85 90 60 8.7 70 158 2.7
min min
RVP
kPa psi C F Wt. %

SG
Summer max
Boiling Point Oxygen Specific Gravity
min @ 48 V% max
max
0.7445 typical
The above Table shows the key blending properties of the fuel components for the refiner to add octane to European petrol, and global gasoline supplies. Of all the non-petroleum options, Bio-ETBE provides the lowest RVP (vapor pressure) and the highest motor octane. When comparing all the clean burning fuel oxygenates, ETBE has the lowest oxygen content, and highest BTU value. These key properties allow the Refiner to blend the greatest amount of oxygenate volume before reaching the oxygen limit in European petrol, or global gasoline supplies. Therefore, Bio-ETBE displaces the greatest amount of crude oil energy processed to manufacture global gasoline supplies.
-4-
Bio-ETBE Uniquely Uses Clean Bio-Energy and NGL Energy Sources

ETBE Enhances Ethanols Alternative Energy Contribution for 5 Volume Percent Ethanol in European Petrol, and Global Gasoline
By combining clean burning butane feedstocks derived from natural gas supplies (NGLs) with Bio-Ethanol, ETBE provides nearly triple the alternative energy production than directly blending 5 percent ethanol into petrol blends. Therefore, Bio-ETBE can not only supply the same amount of bio-energy as ethanol, but will diversify transportation fuel energy supplies even further by including more clean burning butane feedstock -- and low greenhouse gas (GHG) energy from abundant natural gas resources.
-5-
Bio-ETBE Maximizes Low Cost Butanes (NGLs) & Renewable Ethanol in Petrol
ETBEs Low RVP and High Octane Provides Highest Value in Gasoline
400 350 300 250
Bonding Butane with Ethanol Reduces RVP of Both Below Petrol Max Spec
RVP kPa
200 150
Bio-Ethanol
100
Max Petrol Spec
50 0
0 0.2
ETBE
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Energy Content
As illustrated in the above chart, chemically bonding renewable ethanol to low cost butane to make Bio-ETBE provides a significant benefit in reducing the relative high blending RVPs of both motor fuel components. Bio-ETBE is a clean product whose low RVP is much less than the RVP specification for summer grade petrol. In addition, the Bio-ETBE supplies about two-thirds of its energy from clean burning, low GHG butanes.
-6-
Bio-ETBEs Low RVP and High Octane Provides Highest Value in Gasoline
Potential Octane Contribution to Petrol Pool Under 5% Bio-Ethanol Options
105
ETBE 12% = 1.92 Oct-BBL 100
Blending MON
95 Ethanol @ 5% = 0.55 Oct-BBL 90
5 Volume % Ethanol as ETBE provides 3.5 times more clean octane flexiblity
85 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Volume % Limit in Petrol
As illustrated in the above chart, Bio-ETBE increases both the volume and the octane contribution in the Petrol product. Bio-ETBE provides the Refiner with more flexibility to reduce processing energy consumption in the refinery -- which otherwise would be necessary to produce higher octane, and requires the further processing of crude oil feedstocks.
-7-
Fungible Properties Reduce Logistical Costs of Supplying Alternative Energy

Bio-ETBE Utilizes Existing Bulk Distribution Infrastructure for Petrol Ethanol Blending in Market Requires Segregated Distribution & Storage
BUTANE REMOVAL ETHANOL STORAGE
Ethanol Direct Market Blending
RBOB
REFINERY CONVENTIONAL GRADE ETHANOL STORAGE MARKET TERMINAL DISTRIBUTION ETBE Operation ETHANOL PRODUCTION PETROL STATIONS
Ethanol Via Bio-ETBE
WATERWAYS
MORE NGLs REDUCED CRUDE OIL
PIPELINES GASOLINE BLENDING & STORAGE REFINERY
Bio-ETBEs easy and fungible handling properties allow this form of renewable ethanol to be shipped efficiently in large volumes over the water directly to the refinery where it can be easily blended into bulk batches of petrol. Just like gasoline, Bio-ETBE petrol blends are then easily transported in the highly efficient petrol product distribution system to the individual petrol terminals and petrol stations. Using the Bio-ETBE pathway allows the renewable ethanol to be blended in 400,000 liter increments (approximately 110,000 gallons) into petrol at a relatively small number of Refineries. The alternative option of direct ethanol blending requires that ethanol be first shipped to many product terminals in relatively small truck volumes, and stored in separate tanks where the ethanol is then blended in small 2000 liter increments into each truck which is delivering petrol to the retail petrol stations. Bio-ETBE offers a broad element of logistical efficiency for renewable ethanol use in motor fuels.
-8-
Enhances Carbon Footprint of Ethanol & Offers Advanced Biofuel Benefits
On an equal Bio-Ethanol content basis, Bio-ETBE delivers three times as much clean octane for replacing aromatics (high carbon intensity), and two and 1/2 times more low carbon energy as direct ethanol blending. Bio-ETBE allows the refinery to substantially reduce the carbon intensity of the hydrocarbon energy in the petrol. The higher contribution of the carbon-efficient energy from BioETBE further reduces CO2 emissions in the refinery supply chain, by decreasing crude oil use, and lowering refinery energy consumption for crude oil processing and octane production.
-9-
Fungible High Octane Provides More Refinery Energy Reductions

By using Bio-ETBE, a refiner uses less refinery fuel when producing finished petrol than when directly blending ethanol instead. This improved energy resulting from Bio-ETBE efficiency naturally means less CO2 emissions. Bio-ETBE typically offers an additional savings of 24kg of CO2-equivalent/GJ of ethanol. Bio-ETBE is the most environmentally friendly GHG route to blend ethanol in European petrol and global motor gasoline supplies.
- 10 -
Bio-ETBE Decreases Aromatic Content of Motor Gasoline

Octane Gain for 5 Volume % Ethanol Equivalent in Petrol
2.5
2.0
Motor Octane Gain
1.5
12% ETBE 5% Ethanol

1.0
0.5
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Bio-Oxygenate, Volume % in Petrol
On a renewable ethanol volume equivalent basis, Bio-ETBE provides at least three times more cleanburning octane than the alternative option of directly blending ethanol. Therefore, using Bio-ETBE for meeting global government biofuel requirements should replace about three times more aromatics in the European petrol and global gasoline pool.
Reducing aromatic content reduces exhaust emissions of VOC, CO, NOx and air toxics. Additionally, Bio-ETBE also contributes to reducing particulate matter (PM) and secondary aerosols. Bio-ETBE also lowers the carbon energy intensity of the hydrocarbon base fuel of the petrol -- as Lower octane is needed from crude oil processing at the Refinery manufacturing source.
- 11 -
Bio-ETBE Provides Large Contribution to Lowering Emissions

Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbons and Air Toxics
Exhaust Emission Reductions Greater with Bio-ETBE For 5 volume percent Ethanol Fuel Blends
Petrol and gasoline fuel blends made with the Bio-ETBE equivalent of 5 volume percent renewable ethanol provide more than twice the exhaust emission reductions than direct ethanol blending - as predicted by the U.S. EPAs Complex Model for Estimated Emissions from Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Fuel Blends.
Emissions offered by blending 12-13 volume percent Bio-ETBE in motor gasoline reduce VOCs by 6%, NOx by 2%, Air Toxics by 17% and Carbon Monoxide by 13%. (See above.)
- 12 -
Low RVP and Water Solubility Reduces Releases to Environment

ETBE Has Lowest Water Solubility
10
Solubility in Water, Wt %
100 %
8 6
ETBE minimizes BTX Plumes from Gasoline ETBE reduces ether in water by 75 %
4.3 %
4 2 0 ETBE MTBE Ethanol

1.1 %
The RVPs on the previous properties chart (See page 6) show Bio-ETBEs blending RVP to be about 1/5 that of ethanols RVP in petrol, and lower than MTBEs RVP. The comparatively low RVP of BioETBE suggests that it has a lower tendency to volatize, or escape from the fuel blend, into the atmosphere.
As illustrated in the above chart, Bio-ETBE also has a much lower water solubility than either MTBE or ethanol. This means that Bio-ETBE is less likely to solubilize into groundwater from a potential leak from a damaged underground petrol storage tank. Therefore, Bio-ETBE has favorable environmental properties that can minimize its release into the environment, as compared to MTBE and renewable ethanol. Bio-ETBE is also a non-benzene, non-aromatic octane enhancer.
- 13 -
1. Lower Gasoline RVP Benefits Provided with Bio-ETBE
RVP Changes with Oxygenates

1 PSI = 6.9 kPa
= 62 kPa
+ 13.8 kPa
+ 6.9 kPa
- 6.9 kPa
- 13.8 kPa
SAE 90114 GM
Unlike direct ethanol blending which can increase the RVP of petrol, Bio-ETBE has a lower RVP that will decrease the petrols RVP. The lower RVP of Bio-ETBE blends will help reduce evaporative VOC emissions from the vehicles fuel system, and as well as reduce the potential probability of drivability performance difficulties during some hot summer days.
- 14 -
2. Bio-ETBE Improves Petrol Distillation Profile

Bio-ETBE Enhances Drivability Performance Properties
Distillation of Oxygenate Blends
140
120
Evaporation Temp. C
100 Basefuel ETBE 23 80 70C MTBE 20 E 5.4 E 10
60
Volume % Evaporated
40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Unlike the direct blending of ethanol, the blending of Bio-ETBE produces no azeotropic effects on the distillation curve of petrol - which would unfavorably increase volatility. Therefore, Bio-ETBE blends into petrol in a smooth, predictable fashion - much like any other hydrocarbon that boils in the same temperature range.
- 15 -
2. Bio-ETBE Improves Petrol Distillation Profile (continued)

The effects of Bio-ETBE and other clean burning oxygenates on the petrol distillation curve are illustrated in the above chart. The chart displays the distillation impact for three oxygenates blended at 3.7 wt.% oxygen (23 vol.% Bio-ETBE, 20 vol.% MTBE and 10 vol.% ethanol or E 10) as well as a 5.4 vol.% ethanol blend or E 5.4 ( 2wt.% oxygen). Of all the distillation specifications for petrol, the volume percent evaporative at 70C (Evap @ 70C) is probably the most significant since it has such a large impact on a number of factors such as:
! !
Vehicle Operating Performance (hot vapor locking) Evaporative emission performance
Bio-ETBE adds to the refiner petrol blending flexibility to utilize other non-petroleum components such as light naphthas from natural gas condensates which also contain large amounts of hydrocarbons that boil below 70C.
As illustrated in the previous chart, the various oxygenates differ significantly in their impact on the volume percent evaporated at 70C. Because of the proximity of its boiling point temperature (72C) to 70C, blending large amounts of Bio-ETBE has little or no impact on the Evap @ 70C. Most of Bio-ETBEs temperature decrease for petrol occurs near the mid-range portion of the distillation curve. Bio-ETBE should improve vehicle warm-up during cold engine operation -- without any other corresponding unfavorable impact on hot drivability performance of the gasoline.
- 16 -
3. Lower Vapor Generation from Petrol Components

Bio-ETBE Provides Low Vapor Volume for Better Hot Vapor Locking Performance
Ethanol Boiling Point (C) Blending RVP M wt Vapor/Liquid @ 70C Vapor Ratio to C7 kPa 78 138 46 485 2.55 Butane 0 379 58 283 1.48 MTBE 55 54 88 237 1.25 ETBE 72 28 102 205 1.08 C7 Isomer 79 24 100 190 1.00
Increasing Vapor Volume During
Volatization in Fuel Lines
Vapor locking occurs when vapor formation in the vehicles hot fuel lines impedes the flow of liquid fuel to the engine. The amount of vapor volume generated during vaporization can make the vapor locking situation worse. The table above shows that amount of vapor volume for vaporizing BioETBE is similar to C7 hydrocarbons found in petrol. Bio-ETBE has much lower tendency than that for direct ethanol blending, by a more than a factor of two.
- 17 -
4. Bio-ETBE Offers Fuel System Compatibility

VITON
TM
A Fluoroelastomer in Gasoline Blends and Neat Oxygenates Volume Swell after 168 Hours @ 23 C
20 18 16 14
Volume Swell %
Source: www.dupontelastomers.com/TechInfo/chemical.asp
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Fuel C ETBE 25 ETBE 100 E10 E100 TAME 15 MTBE 15 MTBE 20
Note: MTBE 20 interpolated from higher concentration data
Sealants are a vital part of a vehicle fuel system. OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) take great care to select the most appropriate elastomers. Factors such as temperature, pressure and required service life are taken into consideration, along with the nature of the fuel they will be in contact with, and the degree of that contact. Compatibility is often assessed by volume swell in long term immersion tests as the swell is related to the mechanical strength of the elastomer. In general, the greater the increase in volume swell for an elastomer, then the greater will be the loss of the elastomer properties for service in liquid sealing and permeation. While OEMs may have different criteria for different elastomers, a good rule of thumb appears to be that swells of less than 20% in the fuel solution will provide acceptable service and life. The most recent swell data for oxygenated fuel blends are reported on DuPonts elastomer website for fluoroelastomers. The bars in the chart above illustrate elastomer swells for fuels that include MTBE, TAME, Ethanol and Bio-ETBE. In general, Bio-ETBE blends produced the lowest elastomer swell. Based on these favorable results for Bio-ETBE, DuPont recommends the use of all fluorinated elastomers for all Bio-ETBE concentrations up to 100%.
- 18 -
5. Fuel System Permeation Losses Reduced with Bio-ETBE

Lower Permeation Emissions with Bio-ETBE
The ability of a fuel to permeate through elastomers is a strong function of its ability to swell the elastomer. Since prior data sets show that Bio-ETBE blends at all Bio-ETBE concentrations generate low or little additional elastomer swell as compared to oxygenate-free petrol base fuel, then Bio-ETBE blends would not be expected to increase fuel permeation emissions as compared to the petrol base fuel. A Japanese research team conducted various evaporative emission tests on two Japanese vehicles using both E3 (3% ethanol in petrol) and Bio-ETBE 8% blends with matched RVPs. The study found much higher DBL (diurnal breathing losses) with the E3 blend which the authors attributed to increased fuel permeation in the elastomers after conducting a number of additional emission tests. The above chart shows that the HSL (hot soak losses) and DBL emissions for the Bio-ETBE blends compare favorably to the petrol base fuel.
Source: Effects of Ethanol or ETBE Blending in Gasoline on Evaporative Emissions for Japanese In-Use Passenger Vehicles, SAE 2007-01-4005, by H. Tanaka, et.al., Oct 2007
- 19 -
History of Bio-ETBE Use in the United States and Other Global Markets
Beginning in 1992, Bio-ETBE was used as an avenue to provide renewable ethanol blending benefits and lower emissions in United States gasoline markets. Companies such as BP, Marathon, ARCO and AMOCO all used Bio-ETBE as an option to reduce emissions, particularly carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons during winter time oxygenated fuels programs.
After 1995, issues regarding the ability to fully utilize the Federal Tax Credit for renewable ethanol, as well as concerns about potential liability from lawsuits brought by trial lawyers in the United States served to curtail Bio-ETBE use in United States gasoline.
Nonetheless, Bio-ETBE technically remains a commercial blending option in the United States today, and offers lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduce tailpipe exhaust and efficiently delivers renewable ethanol supplies to the US motor gasoline pool.
- 20 -
- Bio-ETBE Use is Increasing in Europe and Japan -
High Commercial Use in Europe Today

As one strategic option to meet the European Renewable Fuels Directive, many refiners in Europe are using volumes of Bio-ETBE to meet government requirements of increasing renewable fuel use.
In the process, European refiners are also reducing greenhouse gases, while offering the public clean motor fuel supplies to reduce tail pipe emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and airborne toxics.
Japan Ready for Bio-ETBE Market Expansion

After several years of extensive and detailed testing, the country of Japan has now begun to utilize Bio-ETBE in certain markets as an overall effort to expand renewable ethanol supplies -- and lower greenhouse gas emissions as part of its commitment to the Kyoto Protocol.
Bio-ETBE blends are extremely compatible with refinery systems in Japan and offer lower emissions than traditional hydrocarbon gasoline supplies used in Japanese motor vehicles.
Further Bio-ETBE expansion is expected in Japan during 2009 and 2010.
- 21 -
Bio-ETBE: Unique in Delivering Maximum Energy + Environmental Benefits
TESTIMONIALS
After blending, ETBE is much more stable than ethanol, is easily fungible in gasoline, it can therefore be transported via pipeline, and needs no modification to be used in an engine. In addition, ETBE increases the octane index like ethanol and has a better calorific value whereas ethanol is more volatile and fungible in water. Jacques Blondy, Total, Europe In summary, ETBE greatly increases the base product, which allows its blending at high proportions e.g. up to 15% in gasoline, and such is the level we always use. Jacques Blondy, Total, Europe Europe is the leader in blending Bio-ETBE. The automotive manufacturers clearly prefer the ETBE route over direct blending of ethanol. ETBE behaves basically like a regular hydrocarbon. As long as the ETBE blending levels are within legal and standardized limits, there are no concerns with regard to its compatibility with the gasoline distribution infrastructure or the vehicle fuelling systems. ETBE can also offer significant emissions benefits, particularly for the older vehicle park. Anders Roj, Volvo Technology, and Chairman of ACEA Working Group Fuels & Lubricants We at Nippon Oil Research Institute recognize the positive blending characteristics of Bio-ETBE, enhancing gasoline octane while helping to satisfy the Kyoto protocol. Bio-ETBE is also fully compatible with the existing Japanese fuel distribution system. Michirou Matsubara, Executive Director, Nippon Oil Research Institute Co. Ltd, Japan For all Category I, II, III, IV motor fuels in the World Wide Fuel Charter, Global Automakers say: When Oxygenates are Used, Ethers are Preferred. Official Publication, Number IV, September, 2006 When all global refiners looked at the most efficient option to product MTBE for low emissions, more than half also licensed the Bio-ETBE option. John Adams, Managing Director CDTECH, 1992-2007
PRODUCED BY HART ENERGY PUBLISHING AND ITS GLOBAL OFFICES

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2008 Hart Publication On Bio-ETBE

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I.

Understanding How is Bio-ETBE Made........................................ 3

III. Improved Energy Security by Reducing Crude Oil ..................... 5

V. Bio-ETBE Provides More Greenhouse Gas Reductions ............ 9

Bio-ETBE Enhances Environmental Performance of Gasoline................................................................................... 11

VII. Bio-ETBE Lowers Environmental Risks from Hydrocarbons..................................................................... 13

VIII. Vehicle Performance and Lower Emissions Benefits ............ 14

! 5. Fuel System Permeation Losses Reduced with Bio-ETBE

Understanding Global Bio-ETBE Use....................................... 20

! Japan Ready for Bio-ETBE Market Expansion

Testimonials: Bio-ETBE Providing Quality and Value Worldwide

Raw Material Building Blocks: Bio-Ethanol and NGLs

C4 ISOM & Dehydrogenation

Bio-ethanol (1.0 liters) From Biomass

ETBE (2.4 liters) To Refiner s Petrol Blending

Source: CDTECH Process Technology - Houston, Texas USA

Bio-ETBE: Gasoline Supply Extender that Enhances Gasoline Properties

RON MON (R+M)/2

94 91 92.5 379 55 0 31 0 0.5836

95 85 90 60 8.7 70 158 2.7

kPa psi C F Wt. %

Boiling Point Oxygen Specific Gravity

Bio-ETBE Uniquely Uses Clean Bio-Energy and NGL Energy Sources

ETBE 12% = 1.92 Oct-BBL 100

95 Ethanol @ 5% = 0.55 Oct-BBL 90

Volume % Limit in Petrol

Fungible Properties Reduce Logistical Costs of Supplying Alternative Energy

Ethanol Direct Market Blending

Ethanol Via Bio-ETBE

MORE NGLs REDUCED CRUDE OIL

PIPELINES GASOLINE BLENDING & STORAGE REFINERY

Enhances Carbon Footprint of Ethanol & Offers Advanced Biofuel Benefits

Fungible High Octane Provides More Refinery Energy Reductions

Bio-ETBE Decreases Aromatic Content of Motor Gasoline

Motor Octane Gain

12% ETBE 5% Ethanol

0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Bio-Oxygenate, Volume % in Petrol

Bio-ETBE Provides Large Contribution to Lowering Emissions

Low RVP and Water Solubility Reduces Releases to Environment

4 2 0 ETBE MTBE Ethanol

1. Lower Gasoline RVP Benefits Provided with Bio-ETBE

RVP Changes with Oxygenates

2. Bio-ETBE Improves Petrol Distillation Profile

100 Basefuel ETBE 23 80 70C MTBE 20 E 5.4 E 10

2. Bio-ETBE Improves Petrol Distillation Profile (continued)

Vehicle Operating Performance (hot vapor locking) Evaporative emission performance

3. Lower Vapor Generation from Petrol Components

Increasing Vapor Volume During

Volatization in Fuel Lines

4. Bio-ETBE Offers Fuel System Compatibility

5. Fuel System Permeation Losses Reduced with Bio-ETBE

- Bio-ETBE Use is Increasing in Europe and Japan -

High Commercial Use in Europe Today

Japan Ready for Bio-ETBE Market Expansion

Further Bio-ETBE expansion is expected in Japan during 2009 and 2010.

Bio-ETBE: Unique in Delivering Maximum Energy + Environmental Benefits

PRODUCED BY HART ENERGY PUBLISHING AND ITS GLOBAL OFFICES

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